Microphone Keyword Spotting on Zephyr - Edge Impulse Documentation

Deploy audio keyword spotting models on Zephyr using the Edge Impulse Zephyr Module. Drop in your model → build → flash → get real-time audio inference.

This tutorial adapts the IMU inference example for audio keyword spotting. The key differences are replacing the IMU sensor driver with Zephyr’s DMIC (Digital Microphone) API and adjusting the inference pipeline for continuous audio classification.
Reference code: https://github.com/edgeimpulse/ei-zephyr-mic-kws-inference

What You’ll Build

A Zephyr application that:

Captures real-time audio from PDM microphone
Runs continuous keyword spotting inference
Displays classification results via serial
Works on any Zephyr board with PDM microphone support

Prerequisites

Edge Impulse Zephyr Module workspace: See Edge Impulse Zephyr Module Deployment Guide
Trained audio model: e.g., the Keyword Spotting tutorial
Zephyr-supported board with PDM microphone (Nordic Thingy:53, nRF5340 Audio DK, etc.)
Development tools:
- Zephyr SDK 0.17.4+
- West 1.5.0+

Supported Microphones

PDM microphones accessible through Zephyr’s DMIC (Digital Microphone) driver are compatible:

Board	Microphone	Driver
Nordic Thingy:53	PDM	`CONFIG_AUDIO_DMIC=y`
nRF5340 Audio DK	PDM	`CONFIG_AUDIO_DMIC=y`
STM32 boards with DFSDM	PDM	`CONFIG_AUDIO_DMIC=y`
Custom boards	I2S/PDM	See Zephyr Audio Docs

1. Initialize the Repository

west init -m https://github.com/edgeimpulse/ei-zephyr-mic-kws-inference
cd ei-zephyr-mic-kws-inference
west update

This fetches:

Zephyr RTOS
Edge Impulse Zephyr SDK module
All dependencies

2. Deploy Your Audio Model

In Edge Impulse Studio:

Go to Deployment
Select Zephyr library
Click Build
Download the model .zip

Extract into model/:

unzip -o ~/Downloads/your-model.zip -d model/

Ensure model/ contains:

CMakeLists.txt
edge-impulse-sdk/
model-parameters/
tflite-model/

3. Build

Select your board:

west build --pristine -b thingy53/nrf5340/cpuapp

Or configure in .west/config:

[build]
board = thingy53/nrf5340/cpuapp

Then build:

west build --pristine

4. Flash

west flash

Alternative flash runners:

west flash --runner jlink
west flash --runner nrfjprog
west flash --runner openocd

5. Monitor Output

minicom -D /dev/ttyACM0 -b 115200

Expected output:

Starting microphone inference...
Recording audio...
Predictions (DSP: 124 ms, Classification: 8 ms):
    noise: 0.05
    go: 0.92
    stop: 0.03

How It Works

Adapting from IMU to Audio

This example follows the same architecture as the IMU inference tutorial, with these key changes:

Component	IMU Example	Audio Example
Sensor API	Zephyr Sensor API (`sensor.h`)	Zephyr DMIC API (`audio/dmic.h`)
Data Source	I²C/SPI accelerometer/gyro	PDM microphone
Sample Rate	100 Hz (typical)	16 kHz
Data Type	3-axis or 6-axis float	Mono audio int16
Buffer Size	200-300 samples (2-3s)	16000 samples (1s)
Driver Config	`CONFIG_SENSOR=y`	`CONFIG_AUDIO_DMIC=y`

The inference loop, circular buffer, and Edge Impulse integration remain the same—only the sensor interface changes.

Code Flow

Initialize - Set up microphone via Zephyr DMIC API
Sample - Continuous audio data collection at model frequency
Buffer - Circular buffer stores audio samples
Infer - Run classifier when buffer is full
Output - Print classification results
Loop - Repeat

Project Structure

ei-zephyr-mic-kws-inference/
├── model/                  # Your Edge Impulse model (Zephyr library)
├── src/
│   ├── main.cpp            # App entry point
│   ├── inference/          # Inference state machine
│   │   └── inference.cpp
│   └── microphone/         # Microphone interface
│       ├── microphone.cpp
│       └── microphone.h
├── CMakeLists.txt          # Build configuration
├── prj.conf                # Zephyr config
└── west.yml                # Manifest (declares Edge Impulse SDK module)

Customizing the Example

Adjust Audio Sampling

In prj.conf:

# Audio configuration
CONFIG_AUDIO=y
CONFIG_AUDIO_DMIC=y

# Sample rate (must match your model)
CONFIG_AUDIO_SAMPLE_RATE_16000=y

# Buffer size
CONFIG_AUDIO_DMIC_BUFFER_SIZE=4096

Change Inference Frequency

In src/main.cpp:

// Run inference every 500ms instead of continuous
#define INFERENCE_INTERVAL_MS 500

static uint32_t last_inference_time = 0;

void loop() {
    uint32_t current_time = k_uptime_get_32();
    
    if (current_time - last_inference_time >= INFERENCE_INTERVAL_MS) {
        run_inference();
        last_inference_time = current_time;
    }
}

Increase Memory for Larger Models

In prj.conf:

CONFIG_MAIN_STACK_SIZE=16384
CONFIG_HEAP_MEM_POOL_SIZE=32768

Add Logging

CONFIG_LOG=y
CONFIG_AUDIO_LOG_LEVEL_DBG=y
CONFIG_SENSOR_LOG_LEVEL_DBG=y

Understanding the Code

Microphone Initialization

// src/microphone/microphone.cpp
#include <zephyr/audio/dmic.h>

static const struct device *dmic_dev;
static struct dmic_cfg cfg;

int microphone_init(void) {
    dmic_dev = DEVICE_DT_GET(DT_NODELABEL(dmic0));
    
    if (!device_is_ready(dmic_dev)) {
        printk("DMIC device not ready\n");
        return -ENODEV;
    }
    
    // Configure DMIC
    cfg.io.min_pdm_clk_freq = 1000000;  // 1 MHz
    cfg.io.max_pdm_clk_freq = 3500000;  // 3.5 MHz
    cfg.streams[0].pcm_width = 16;
    cfg.streams[0].pcm_rate = 16000;    // 16 kHz
    
    return dmic_configure(dmic_dev, &cfg);
}

Audio Capture

// src/microphone/microphone.cpp
static int16_t audio_buffer[AUDIO_BUFFER_SIZE];
static size_t buffer_idx = 0;

int microphone_record(int16_t *buffer, size_t length) {
    struct dmic_buf dmic_buffer;
    
    // Start DMIC stream
    dmic_trigger(dmic_dev, DMIC_TRIGGER_START);
    
    while (buffer_idx < length) {
        // Read audio samples
        dmic_read(dmic_dev, 0, &dmic_buffer, WAIT_FOR_BUFFER);
        
        // Copy to buffer
        memcpy(&buffer[buffer_idx], 
               dmic_buffer.data, 
               dmic_buffer.size);
        
        buffer_idx += dmic_buffer.size / sizeof(int16_t);
    }
    
    // Stop DMIC stream
    dmic_trigger(dmic_dev, DMIC_TRIGGER_STOP);
    
    buffer_idx = 0;
    return 0;
}

Inference Integration

// src/inference/inference.cpp
#include "edge-impulse-sdk/classifier/ei_run_classifier.h"

static float features[EI_CLASSIFIER_DSP_INPUT_FRAME_SIZE];

int run_classifier_continuous(void) {
    // Record audio
    microphone_record(audio_samples, EI_CLASSIFIER_SLICE_SIZE);
    
    // Convert to float features
    for (size_t i = 0; i < EI_CLASSIFIER_SLICE_SIZE; i++) {
        features[i] = (float)audio_samples[i] / 32768.0f;
    }
    
    // Create signal
    signal_t signal;
    signal.total_length = EI_CLASSIFIER_DSP_INPUT_FRAME_SIZE;
    signal.get_data = &get_signal_data;
    
    // Run classifier
    ei_impulse_result_t result = {0};
    EI_IMPULSE_ERROR res = run_classifier(&signal, &result, false);
    
    if (res != EI_IMPULSE_OK) {
        return -1;
    }
    
    // Print results
    print_inference_result(&result);
    
    return 0;
}

Main Loop

// src/main.cpp
void main(void) {
    printk("Starting microphone inference...\n");
    
    // Initialize microphone
    if (microphone_init() != 0) {
        printk("Failed to initialize microphone\n");
        return;
    }
    
    printk("Microphone initialized\n");
    
    while (1) {
        printk("Recording audio...\n");
        
        // Run inference
        if (run_classifier_continuous() != 0) {
            printk("Inference failed\n");
        }
        
        // Small delay
        k_sleep(K_MSEC(100));
    }
}

Device Tree Configuration

For boards without built-in DMIC, add to your .overlay file:

/ {
    dmic_dev: dmic {
        compatible = "nordic,nrf-pdm";
        status = "okay";
        pinctrl-0 = <&pdm_default>;
        pinctrl-names = "default";
        clock-source = "PCLK32M_HFXO";
        
        // Configure pins
        din-gpios = <&gpio0 26 0>;
        clk-gpios = <&gpio0 25 0>;
    };
};

&pinctrl {
    pdm_default: pdm_default {
        group1 {
            psels = <NRF_PSEL(PDM_CLK, 0, 25)>,
                    <NRF_PSEL(PDM_DIN, 0, 26)>;
        };
    };
};

Troubleshooting

Module not found

Cause: Edge Impulse SDK not fetchedSolution:

west update

Insufficient memory

Cause: Model too large for available RAMSolution: Increase stack size in prj.conf:

CONFIG_MAIN_STACK_SIZE=16384
CONFIG_HEAP_MEM_POOL_SIZE=32768

Or enable EON Compiler when deploying from Studio.

Microphone not detected

Cause: DMIC device not configured or pins incorrectSolution: Enable debug logging:

CONFIG_AUDIO_LOG_LEVEL_DBG=y
CONFIG_LOG=y

Check device tree configuration matches your board’s microphone pins.

Audio quality issues

Causes & Solutions:

Wrong sample rate: Verify CONFIG_AUDIO_SAMPLE_RATE_16000=y matches your model
Buffer underrun: Increase buffer size:

CONFIG_AUDIO_DMIC_BUFFER_SIZE=8192

Clock configuration: Check PDM clock frequency in device tree

Poor classification accuracy

Causes & Solutions:

Background noise: Train model with noise samples
Microphone gain: Adjust in device tree:

dmic_dev: dmic {
    gain-left = <20>;   // Increase gain
    gain-right = <20>;
};

Sample rate mismatch: Ensure DMIC sample rate matches training data

Using in Your Own Project

Option 1: Add to Existing Zephyr Project

Update your west.yml:

manifest:
  projects:
    - name: edge-impulse-sdk-zephyr
      path: modules/edge-impulse-sdk-zephyr
      revision: v1.80.0  # See https://github.com/edgeimpulse/edge-impulse-sdk-zephyr/tags
      url: https://github.com/edgeimpulse/edge-impulse-sdk-zephyr

Then:

west update

Add to your CMakeLists.txt:

list(APPEND ZEPHYR_EXTRA_MODULES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/model)

Option 2: Clone This Repository

git clone https://github.com/edgeimpulse/ei-zephyr-mic-kws-inference.git
cd ei-zephyr-mic-kws-inference
west init --local .
west update

Advanced Features

Voice Activity Detection (VAD)

Only run inference when speech is detected:

bool has_voice_activity(int16_t *samples, size_t length) {
    int64_t energy = 0;
    
    for (size_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        energy += (int64_t)samples[i] * samples[i];
    }
    
    energy /= length;
    
    return energy > VAD_THRESHOLD;
}

void main(void) {
    while (1) {
        microphone_record(audio_samples, BUFFER_SIZE);
        
        if (has_voice_activity(audio_samples, BUFFER_SIZE)) {
            run_classifier_continuous();
        }
    }
}

Continuous Sliding Window

#define WINDOW_SIZE 16000      // 1 second at 16kHz
#define SLIDE_SIZE 8000        // 0.5 second slide

static int16_t ring_buffer[WINDOW_SIZE];
static size_t buffer_pos = 0;

void sliding_window_inference(void) {
    // Record new samples
    microphone_record(&ring_buffer[buffer_pos], SLIDE_SIZE);
    
    // Update position
    buffer_pos = (buffer_pos + SLIDE_SIZE) % WINDOW_SIZE;
    
    // Run inference on full window
    run_inference(ring_buffer, WINDOW_SIZE);
}

Wake Word Detection

static bool wake_word_detected = false;
static const char* wake_word = "hey_device";

void process_classification(ei_impulse_result_t *result) {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < EI_CLASSIFIER_LABEL_COUNT; i++) {
        if (strcmp(result->classification[i].label, wake_word) == 0 &&
            result->classification[i].value > 0.8f) {
            
            wake_word_detected = true;
            printk("Wake word detected!\n");
            
            // Start listening for command
            start_command_mode();
        }
    }
}

Performance Optimization

Reduce Power Consumption

# In prj.conf
CONFIG_PM=y                           # Enable power management
CONFIG_PM_DEVICE=y                    # Device runtime PM
CONFIG_PM_DEVICE_RUNTIME=y

# Put microphone to sleep when idle
CONFIG_PM_DEVICE_RUNTIME_EXCLUSIVE=y

Use DMA for Audio Transfer

CONFIG_DMA=y
CONFIG_AUDIO_DMIC_USE_DMA=y

Optimize for Size

CONFIG_SIZE_OPTIMIZATIONS=y
CONFIG_COMPILER_OPT="-Os"

Next Steps

IMU Inference

Add motion recognition

Porting Between Boards

Deploy to different hardware

Additional Resources

Summary

You now have microphone-based keyword spotting running on Zephyr! The Edge Impulse Zephyr Module handles:

Audio capture from PDM microphones
Continuous inference pipeline
Model integration
Memory management

Focus on building your application logic while the module handles the ML complexity. For more information:

​What You’ll Build

​Prerequisites

​Supported Microphones

​1. Initialize the Repository

​2. Deploy Your Audio Model

​3. Build

​4. Flash

​5. Monitor Output

​How It Works

​Adapting from IMU to Audio

​Code Flow

​Project Structure

​Customizing the Example

​Adjust Audio Sampling

​Change Inference Frequency

​Increase Memory for Larger Models

​Add Logging

​Understanding the Code

​Microphone Initialization

​Audio Capture

​Inference Integration

​Main Loop

​Device Tree Configuration

​Troubleshooting

​Using in Your Own Project

​Option 1: Add to Existing Zephyr Project

​Option 2: Clone This Repository

​Advanced Features

​Voice Activity Detection (VAD)

​Continuous Sliding Window

​Wake Word Detection

​Performance Optimization

​Reduce Power Consumption

​Use DMA for Audio Transfer

​Optimize for Size

​Next Steps

IMU Inference

Porting Between Boards

​Additional Resources

​Summary

What You’ll Build

Prerequisites

Supported Microphones

1. Initialize the Repository

2. Deploy Your Audio Model

3. Build

4. Flash

5. Monitor Output

How It Works

Adapting from IMU to Audio

Code Flow

Project Structure

Customizing the Example

Adjust Audio Sampling

Change Inference Frequency

Increase Memory for Larger Models

Add Logging

Understanding the Code

Microphone Initialization

Audio Capture

Inference Integration

Main Loop

Device Tree Configuration

Troubleshooting

Using in Your Own Project

Option 1: Add to Existing Zephyr Project

Option 2: Clone This Repository

Advanced Features

Voice Activity Detection (VAD)

Continuous Sliding Window

Wake Word Detection

Performance Optimization

Reduce Power Consumption

Use DMA for Audio Transfer

Optimize for Size

Next Steps

Additional Resources

Summary